Camellias, with their glossy evergreen leaves and sumptuous flowers, have a storied history that traces back to ancient civilizations in Asia. Originally found in the forests of China and Japan, camellias have been cultivated for thousands of years not only for their beauty but also for their practical uses. Tea, for example, is made from the leaves of Camellia sinensis, underscoring the plant's integral role in daily life.

The journey of camellias from East to West is a testament to the shrub's enduring appeal. European explorers in the 17th and 18th centuries were captivated by the exotic beauty of camellias and brought them back to Europe, where they quickly became symbols of wealth and sophistication in aristocratic gardens. The Victorians, renowned for their love of ornamental gardening, embraced the camellia, further cementing its status as a garden classic.

Most landscape Camellias are selected from two different “groups.” JAPONICA camellias have large, glossy, dark green leaves and flower from November to April, depending upon variety. Japonicas as a group grow to 10‘ high and 6‘ wide (and possibly even larger over time) but can be maintained at a smaller size with judicious pruning.

The other "group" is the SASANQUA camellias, which usually begin to flower in September, with some varieties blooming through December and into January. Sasanquas generally grow somewhat smaller and more upright (8' high and 4' wide), have smaller, less glossy leaves, and are considered to tolerate more sun. Selections from both "groups" should be protected from the hot afternoon sun and winter winds.

Basic Camellia Care

Planting and Location

Camellias thrive in partially shaded areas, shielded from the harsh afternoon sun, in well-drained, slightly acidic soil. When planting, it's crucial to ensure that the top of the root ball is slightly above ground level to avoid waterlogging. Mulching helps retain moisture and keep roots cool.

Watering and Fertilization

Regular watering is essential, especially during dry spells, to keep the soil consistently moist but not waterlogged. Camellias benefit from fertilization in spring and mid-summer with an acid-plant fertilizer, such as HollyTone, to promote vibrant blooms and healthy growth.

Pruning

Pruning is a critical aspect of camellia care. The timing and method of pruning depend on the type of camellia and the desired outcome:

Camellia japonica: Best pruned in mid- to late spring after blooming.
Sasanqua camellias: Prune in late fall through late spring.
Summer shoots: Can be trimmed in summer with minimal flower loss.

Pruning techniques vary from thinning cuts, which enhance light penetration and air circulation, to heading cuts and pinching, aimed at promoting bushier growth. For overgrown camellias, a two-step renovation process over a couple of years can rejuvenate the plant.

Pest and Disease Management

Camellias are relatively resilient but can be susceptible to pests like aphids and diseases such as camellia leaf gall. Regular inspection and prompt removal of affected parts are crucial. Fungicides and insecticides may be used according to label instructions when necessary.

Camellias are not just plants; they are a link to history, a testament to the beauty that has captivated gardeners across centuries. With proper care, including timely pruning and adequate nutrition, camellias can be a stunning addition to any garden, providing a lush display of flowers year after year. Whether you are a seasoned gardener or a novice eager to bring a touch of elegance to your landscape, understanding the rich history and care requirements of camellias can lead to successful and rewarding cultivation.